The
Philosophic Naturalist Principia Mathematica, which is
Latin for "mathematical principles of natural philosophy", often
Principia or
Principia Mathematica for short, is a three-volume work by
Isaac Newton first published on 5 July 1687. Newton also published two further editions, the second in 1713, and the third in 1726. The
Principia contains the statement of
Newton's laws of motion forming the foundation of
classical mechanics, as well as his
law of universal gravitation and a derivation of
Kepler's laws for the motion of the
planets (which were first obtained
empirically). The
Principia is "justly regarded as one of the most important works in the history of science."
In formulating his physical theories, Newton had developed a field of mathematics now known as calculus. However, the language of calculus as we know it was largely absent from the Principia. Instead, Newton cast the majority of his proofs in geometric form, although with many calculus-like arguments based on limits of vanishing small geometric quantities.
In a supplement to the Principia, entitled General Scholium, Newton expressed his famous Hypotheses non fingo ("I feign no hypotheses" or "I make no guesses").